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Apple Loops/REX/WAV. widespread popularity of big band/swing was accelerated by the rise of dozens Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. leaders in America. In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, The music business suffered during the Great Depression. A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. When the tradition came back full-circle into vocal jazz with a Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. [3] In the late 1930s, Shep Fields incorporated a solo accordion, temple blocks, piccolo and a viola into his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. 2. In the Jazz began in New Orleans in the began to emerge from the vocal blues And they played dance music. - The size could be anywhere from about 12 to 30 players. When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. sense means to merge styles together. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and . (1937). [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Rockefeller Arts Center. A versatile instrument, the saxophone is swing musics version of the Holy Trinity (celery, bell peppers and onions) used in Gumbo. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing This would go back and forth a number of times. Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. 3 4 5 6 7 8, - Although Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). The Timeline of African American Music has been made possible in part by a major grant from theNational Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom. Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up in Blue (1925). Swing as Popular Music 1. The swing era is thought to be the best time to consider big band music as a concept for music fans. These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. to jazz, Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano Big band swing was at the forefront of jazz and underwent its most concentrated growth and development from 1930 . The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. (called a "chorus"). That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. Count Basie's saxophone section included. By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. below to see YouTube performance clips), - the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. (click Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. He was also a band leader and arranger who traveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. American sound has fascinated listeners, performers and composers around the Two other musical characteristics of swing bands are a return to the use of a flat-four rhythm and the use of block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion). Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. Modern big bands can be found playing all styles of jazz music. D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. Swing Shift: All Girl Bands of the 1940s. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e 20th-century popular music and culture. Woody Herman's first band, nicknamed the First Herd, borrowed from progressive jazz, while the Second Herd emphasized the saxophone section of three tenors and one baritone. Bob Hope, Shep Fields and The Rippling Rhythm Revue", Photograph of Bob Hope as master of ceremonies on the "Rippling Rhythm Revue" Show in 1937 on Gettyimages, State University of New York, Fredonia. Check them out, though Im sure you would already recognise many of them. They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. world. In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm became known for its strong riffing brass section, heavy percussion, rhythmic sensibility, and dynamic blues playing heard in Jump Children.. Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) [6] The legendary Paul Whiteman also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble. [3] In the 1940s, Stan Kenton's band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three tenor and two bass trombones), five saxophones (two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, one baritone saxophone), and a rhythm section. African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. It is usually played by big band ensembles that use a rhythm section with drums, bass, sometimes a guitar, and almost always a piano, a brass section of trumpets and trombones, and a reed section of saxophones and clarinets. And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. Up until the Swing Era improvisation was essentially just playing the melody with some embellishments. Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. leaders in America. jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). Alto sax player, arranger, and bandleader Jimmie Lunceford (19021947) studied music at and graduated from Fisk University in 1926. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. The band features selections mostly from the swing era, with a dose of 50's Sinatra and 60's hipsters. Daniels, Douglas. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). trombone. harmony, structure and instrumentation. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz the following instruments: The II era. style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. - Since the 1920s, Jazz - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) syllables). Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. freedom vs. chaos. Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). clip on the basic jazz rhythm section), - Bass highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed (who are noted for their blending of Afro-Cuban jazz elements within a Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. The trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Jazz elements into his famous musical, Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. Jazz Big Band Arrangements. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Four trombones comprised the trombone section. The moral? baritone saxophone. Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. Then circle the object of the preposition. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). Ellington recorded this Thats what makes it stand out. The Glenn Miller band was one of the most popular bands of the Swing Era. Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, ways. His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. Loops are played at 120 and 125 bpm. During the "Roaring One of the most common forms used in jazz The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.[46]. performing at the same time." From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. (Click on the titles of the pieces here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. Click here for a FREE preview of The Classic Swing Bands newest CD Ballroom Dance Favorites.. The major "black" bands of the 1930s included, apart from Ellington's, Hines's and Calloway's, those of Jimmie Lunceford, Chick Webb, and Count Basie. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. Most swing was performed by Big Bands, which were literally big bands, divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section consisting mostly of drums, bass, guitar, and piano. City. sprouted up in different parts of the United States, and their uniquely [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. of main line "crooners" such as Bing Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. %PDF-1.5 % As purely instrumental jazz - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis is a Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Black Studies and History, and former Chair of Black Studies and Asian American Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). Examples include the Vienna Art Orchestra, founded in 1977, and the Italian Instabile Orchestra, active in the 1990s. Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . This type of music flourished through the early 1930s, although there was little mass audience for it until around 1936. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. I am Joaqun/Yo Soy Joaqun was first published in 1967. KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day. (London: Paladin) 1987. The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo.
[24] In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). They established independent patterns for the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and the rhythm section within segments of the arrangement that featured improvised solos. Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. In New Orleans, black His music uses Eastern rhythms, meters, and advanced rhythmic techniques. GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band Beacon, 2006. grooves), - for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. Since theyre built of brass, saxophones tend to produce a trumpet-like buzzing sound. Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. Charlie PARKER and Dizzy Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. Columbia, Victor, and Decca were the three most important, Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. "Fusion" in its strictest jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a Hammond, John. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. (1899-1974): The She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. At these venues, which themselves gained notoriety, bandleaders and arrangers played a greater role than they had before. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens.